Publications
Peer-reviewed publications
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2022
91. Jellison, B.M., S.C. Bacus, and B. Gaylord. 2022. Variation in the behavioral tolerance of congeneric marine snails to low-pH exposure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 697: 57-66. [pdf]
90. Elsmore, K., K.J. Nickols, T. Ford, K.C. Cavanaugh, K.C. Cavanaugh, and B. Gaylord. 2022. Macrocystis pyrifera forest development shapes the physical environment through current velocity reduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 694: 45-59. [pdf]
89. Ricart, A.M., M. Ward, T.M. Hill, E. Sanford, K.J. Kroeker, Y. Takeshita, S. Merolla, P. Shukla, A. Ninokawa, K. Elsmore, and B. Gaylord. 2022. Commentary: Overstated Potential for Seagrass Meadows to Mitigate Coastal Ocean Acidification. Frontiers in Marine Science 9: 884857, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.884857. [pdf]
88. Jellison, B.M., K.E. Elsmore, J.T. Miller, G. Ng, A.T. Ninokawa, T.M. Hill, and B. Gaylord. 2022. Low-pH seawater alters indirect interactions in rocky-shore tidepools. Ecology and Evolution, doi: 10.1002/ece3.8607. [pdf]
87. Ward, M., T.L. Kindinger, H.K. Hirsh, T.M. Hill, B.M. Jellison, S. Lummis, E.B. Rivest, G.G. Waldbusser, B. Gaylord, and K.J. Kroeker. 2022. Reviews and syntheses: Spatial and temporal patterns in seagrass metabolic fluxes. Biogeosciences 19: 689–699. [pdf]
86. Burnett, N.P. and B. Gaylord. 2022. Flow, form and force: methods and frameworks for field studies of macroalgal biomechanics. Journal of Experimental Botany 73: 1122-1138. [pdf]
85. Jurgens, L.J., L.W. Ashlock, and B. Gaylord. 2022. Facilitation alters climate change risk on rocky shores. Ecology 103: e03596, doi: 10.1002/ecy.3596.
2021
84. Ricart, A.M., B. Gaylord, T.M. Hill, J.D. Sigwart, P. Shukla, M. Ward, A. Ninokawa, and E. Sanford. 2021. Seagrass‑driven changes in carbonate chemistry enhance oyster shell growth. Oecologia 196: 565–576. [pdf]
83. Ricart, A.M., M. Ward, T.M. Hill, E. Sanford, K.J. Kroeker, Y. Takeshita, S. Merolla, P. Shukla, A. Ninokawa, K. Elsmore, and B. Gaylord. 2021. Coast-wide evidence of low pH amelioration by seagrass ecosystems. Global Change Biology 27: 2580-2591. (Highlighted as Editor’s Choice in Science 372: 930). [pdf]
2020
82. Ng, G. and B. Gaylord. 2020. The legacy of predators: persistence of trait-mediated indirect effects in an intertidal food chain. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2020.151416. [pdf]
81. Lyman, T.P., K. Elsmore, B. Gaylord, J.E.K. Byrnes, and L.P. Miller. 2020. Open wave height logger: an open source pressure sensor data logger for wave measurement. Limnology & Oceanography Methods 18: 335-345. [pdf]
80. Hodin, J., M.C. Ferner, and B. Gaylord. 2020. Choosing the right home: settlement responses by larvae of six sea urchin species align with hydrodynamic traits of their contrasting adult habitats. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190: 737-756. [pdf]
79. Ninokawa, A.T., Y. Takeshita, B.M. Jellison, L.J. Jurgens, and B. Gaylord. 2020. Biological modification of seawater chemistry by an ecosystem engineer, the California mussel, Mytilus californianus. Limnology & Oceanography 65: 157-172. [pdf]
2019
78. Gaylord, B., K.M. Barclay, B.M. Jellison, L.J. Jurgens, A.T. Ninokawa, E.B. Rivest, and L.R. Leighton. 2019. Ocean change within shoreline communities: From biomechanics to behavior and beyond. Conservation Physiology 7: coz077, doi:10.1093/conphys/coz077. [pdf]
77. Barclay, K.M., B. Gaylord, B.M. Jellison, P. Shukla, E. Sanford, and L.R. Leighton. 2019. Variation in the effects of ocean acidification on shell growth and strength in two intertidal gastropods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 626: 109-121. [pdf]
76. Jellison, B.M. and B. Gaylord. 2019. Shifts in seawater chemistry disrupt trophic links within a simple shoreline food web. Oecologia 190: 955-967. [pdf]
75. Rivest, E., B. Jellison, G. Ng, E. Satterthwaite, H.L. Bradley, S.L. Williams, and B. Gaylord. 2019. Mechanisms involving sensory pathway steps inform impacts of global climate change on ecological processes. Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 346, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00346. [pdf]
74. Ferner, M.C., J. Hodin, G. Ng, and B. Gaylord. 2019. Brief exposure to intense turbulence induces a sustained life-history shift in echinoids. Journal of Experimental Biology 222: jeb187351, doi:10.1242/jeb.187351. [pdf]
2018
73. George, D., J. Largier, C. Storlazzi, M. Robart, and B. Gaylord. 2018. Currents, waves and sediment transport around the headland of Pt. Dume, California. Continental Shelf Research 171: 63-76. [pdf]
72. Hodin, J., M.C. Ferner, G. Ng, and B. Gaylord. 2018. Sand dollar larvae show within-population variation in their settlement induction by turbulence. Biological Bulletin 235: 152-166. [pdf]
71. Gaylord, B., E. Rivest, T. Hill, E. Sanford, P. Shukla, A. Ninokawa, and G. Ng. 2018. California mussels as bio-indicators of ocean acidification. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, California Natural Resources Agency. Publication number: CCCA4-CNRA-2018-003. [pdf]
70. Koweek, D.A., R.C. Zimmerman, K.M. Hewett, B. Gaylord, S.N. Giddings, K.J. Nickols, J.L. Ruesink, J.J. Stachowicz, Y. Takeshita, and K. Caldeira. 2018. Expected limits on the ocean acidification buffering potential of a temperate seagrass meadow. Ecological Applications 28: 1694-1714. [pdf]
69. Rivest, E., T.M. Hill, B. Gaylord, E. Sanford, S. Myhre, and J.L. Largier. 2018. Acidification of ocean waters. Pages 45- 53 in Indicators of climate change in California. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. [pdf]
68. Hodin, J., M.C. Ferner, G. Ng, and B. Gaylord. 2018. Turbulence exposure recapitulates desperate behavior in late-stage sand dollar larvae. BMC Zoology 3: 9, doi.org/10.1186/s40850-018-0034-5. [pdf]
67. Davis, C.V., K. Hewett, T.M. Hill, J.L. Largier, B. Gaylord, and J. Jahncke. 2018. Reconstructing aragonite saturation state based on an empirical relationship for Northern California. Estuaries and Coasts 41: 2056-2069. [pdf]
66. Hodin, J., M.C. Ferner, A. Heyland, and B. Gaylord. 2018. I feel that! Fluid dynamics and sensory aspects of larval settlement across scales. Pages 190-206 in T.J. Carrier, A.M. Reitzel, A. Heyland (eds.), Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [pdf]
65. Jurgens, L.J., and B. Gaylord. 2018. Physical effects of habitat-forming species override latitudinal trends in temperature. Ecology Letters 21: 190-196. [pdf]
2017
64. Swezey, D.S., J.R. Bean, T.M. Hill, B. Gaylord, A.T. Ninokawa, and E. Sanford. 2017. Plastic responses of bryozoans to ocean acidification. Journal of Experimental Biology 220: 4399-4409. [pdf]
63. Chan, F., J.A. Barth, C.A. Blanchette, R.H. Byrne, F. Chavez, O. Cheriton, R.A. Feely, G. Friederich, B. Gaylord, T. Gouhier, S. Hacker, T. Hill, G. Hofmann, M.A. McManus, B.A. Menge, K.J. Nielsen, A. Russell, E. Sanford, J. Sevadjian, and L. Washburn. 2017. Persistent spatial structuring of coastal ocean acidification in the California Current System. Scientific Reports 7: 2526, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02777-y. [pdf]
62. Davis, C.V., E.B. Rivest, T.M. Hill, B. Gaylord, A.D. Russell, and E. Sanford. 2017. Ocean acidification compromises a planktic calcifier with implications for global carbon cycling. Scientific Reports 7: 2225, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01530-9. [pdf]
61. Swezey, D.S., J.R. Bean, A.T. Ninokawa, T.M. Hill, B. Gaylord, and E. Sanford. 2017. Interactive effects of temperature, food, and skeletal mineralogy mediate biological responses to ocean acidification in a widely distributed bryozoan. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284: 20162349, doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2349. [pdf]
60. Sunday, J.M., K.E. Fabricius, K.J. Kroeker, K.M. Anderson, N.E. Brown, J.P. Barry, S.D. Connell, S. Dupont, B. Gaylord, J.M. Hall-Spencer, T. Klinger, M. Milazzo, P.L. Munday, B.D. Russell, E. Sanford, V. Thiyagarajan, M.L.H. Vaughan, S. Widdicombe, and C.D.G. Harley. 2017. Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat. Nature Climate Change 7: 81-85. [pdf]
2016
59. Jurgens, L.J. and B. Gaylord. 2016. Edge effects reverse facilitation by a widespread foundation species. Scientific Reports 6: 37573, doi:10.1038/srep37573. [pdf]
58. Feely, R.A., S. Alin, B. Carter, N. Bednarsek, B. Hales, F. Chan, T. Hill, B. Gaylord, E. Sanford, R.H. Byrne, C. Sabine, D. Greeley, and L. Juranek. 2016. Chemical and biological impacts of ocean acidification along the west coast of North America. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 183: 260-270. [pdf]
57. Davis, C.V., A.D. Russell, B. Gaylord, J. Jahncke, and T.M. Hill. 2016. Seasonality in planktic foraminifera of the Central California coast upwelling region. Biogeosciences 13: 5139-5150. [pdf]
56. Jellison, B.M., A.T. Ninokawa, T.M. Hill, E. Sanford, and B. Gaylord. 2016. Ocean acidification alters the response of intertidal snails to a key sea star predator. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283: 20160890, doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0890. [pdf]
55. Kroeker, K., E. Sanford, J. Rose, C. Blanchette, F. Chan, F. Chavez, B. Gaylord, B. Helmuth, T. Hill, G. Hofmann, M. McManus, B. Menge, K. Nielsen, P. Raimondi, A. Russell, L. Washburn. 2016. Overlapping environmental mosaics drive geographic variation in mussel performance and species interactions. Ecology Letters 19: 771-779. [pdf]
54. Kwiatkowski, L., B. Gaylord, T. Hill, J. Hosfelt, K.J. Kroeker, Y. Nebuchina, A. Ninokawa, A. Russell, E.B. Rivest, M. Sesboue, and K. Caldeira. 2016. Nighttime dissolution in a temperate coastal ocean ecosystem increases under acidification. Scientific Reports 6: 22984, doi:10.1038/srep22984. [pdf]
2011-2015
53. Hodin, J., M.C. Ferner, C.J. Lowe, G. Ng, and B. Gaylord. 2015. Rethinking competence in marine life cycles: ontogenetic changes in the settlement response of sand dollar larvae exposed to turbulence. Royal Society Open Science 2: 150114, doi.org/10.1098/RSOS.150114. [pdf]
52. Jurgens, L., L. Rogers-Bennett, P.T. Raimondi, L.M. Schiebelhut, M.N. Dawson, R.K. Grosberg, and B. Gaylord. 2015. Severe mass mortality of rocky shore invertebrates across 100 km of coastline. PLoS One 10: e0126280, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126280. [pdf]
51. Evans, T.G., J.L. Padilla-Gamino, M.W. Kelly, M.H. Pespeni, F. Chan, B.A. Menge, B. Gaylord, T.M. Hill, A.D. Russell, S.R. Palumbi, E. Sanford, and G.E. Hofmann. 2015. Ocean acidification research in the ‘post-genomic’ era: roadmaps from the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 185: 33-42. [pdf]
50. Gaylord, B., K.J. Kroeker, J.M. Sunday, K.M. Anderson, J.P. Barry, N.E. Brown, S.D. Connell, S. Dupont, K.E. Fabricius, J.M. Hall-Spencer, T. Klinger, M. Milazzo, P.L. Munday, B.D. Russell, E. Sanford, S.J. Schreiber, V. Thiyagarajan, M.L.H. Vaughan, S. Widdicombe, C.D.G. Harley. 2015. Ocean acidification through the lens of ecological theory. Ecology 96: 3-15. (Centennial Article for the journal). [pdf]
49. Nickols, K.J., J.W. White, J.L. Largier, and B. Gaylord. 2015. Marine population connectivity: reconciling large-scale dispersal and high self-retention. American Naturalist 185: 196-211. [pdf]
48. Miller, S.H., S. Zarate, E.H. Smith, B. Gaylord, J.D. Hosfelt, and T.M. Hill. 2014. Effect of elevated pCO2 on metabolic responses of porcelain crab (Petrolisthes cinctipes) larvae exposed to subsequent salinity stress. PLoS One 9: e109167, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109167. [pdf]
47. Kroeker, K.J., E. Sanford, B.M. Jellison, and B. Gaylord. 2014. Predicting the effects of ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions: A conceptual framework based on coastal molluscs. Biological Bulletin 226: 211-222. [pdf]
46. Kroeker, K.J., B. Gaylord, T.M. Hill, J.D. Hosfelt, S.H. Miller, and E. Sanford. 2014. The role of temperature in determining species’ vulnerability to ocean acidification: A case study using Mytilus galloprovincialis. PLoS One 9: e100353, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100353. [pdf]
45. Hofmann, G.E., T.G. Evans, M.W. Kelly, J.L. Padilla-Gamino, C.A. Blanchette, L. Washburn, F. Chan, M.A. McManus, B.A. Menge, B. Gaylord, T.M. Hill, E. Sanford, M. LaVigne, J.M. Rose, L. Kapsenberg, J.M. Dutton. 2014. Exploring local adaptation and the ocean acidification seascape – studies in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. Biogeosciences 11: 1053-1064. [pdf]
44. Sanford, E., B. Gaylord, A. Hettinger, E.A. Lenz, K. Meyer, and T.M. Hill. 2014. Ocean acidification increases the vulnerability of native oysters to predation by invasive snails. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281: 20132681, doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2681. [pdf]
43. Nickols, K.J., S.H. Miller, B. Gaylord, S.G. Morgan, and J.L. Largier. 2013. Spatial differences in larval abundance within the coastal boundary layer impact supply to shoreline habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 494: 191-203. [pdf]
42. Hettinger, A., E. Sanford, T.M. Hill, J.D. Hosfelt, A.D. Russell, and B. Gaylord. 2013. The influence of food supply on the response of Olympia oyster larvae to ocean acidification. Biogeosciences 10: 6629-6638. [pdf]
41. Hettinger, A., E. Sanford, T.M. Hill, E.A. Lenz, A.D. Russell, and B. Gaylord. 2013. Larval carry-over effects from ocean acidification persist in the natural environment. Global Change Biology 19: 3317-3326. [pdf]
40. Gaylord, B., J. Hodin, and M.C. Ferner. 2013. Turbulent shear spurs settlement in larval sea urchins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 110: 6901-6906. [pdf]
39. Pespeni, M.H., E. Sanford, B. Gaylord, T.M. Hill, J.D. Hosfelt, M. LaVigne, E.A. Lenz, A.D. Russell, M.K. Young, and S.R Palumbi. 2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 110: 6937-6942. [pdf]
38. LaVigne, M., T.M. Hill, E. Sanford, B. Gaylord, A.D. Russell, E.A. Lenz, J.D. Hosfelt, M.K. Young. 2013. Effects of increased pCO2 and geographic origin on purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) calcite elemental composition. Biogeosciences 10: 3465-3477. [pdf]
37. Hettinger, A., E. Sanford, T.M. Hill, A.D. Russell, K.N. Sato, J. Hoey, M. Forsch, H.N. Page, and B. Gaylord. 2012. Persistent carry-over effects of planktonic exposure to ocean acidification in the Olympia oyster. Ecology 93: 2758-2768. [pdf]
36. Nickols, K.J., B. Gaylord, and J.L. Largier. 2012. The coastal boundary layer: Predictable current structure decreases alongshore transport and alters scales of dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 464: 17-35. [pdf]
35. Hill, T.M., M. LaVigne, H.J. Spero, T.P. Guilderson, B. Gaylord, and D. Clague. 2012. Variations in seawater Sr/Ca recorded in deep-sea bamboo corals. Paleoceanography 27, PA3202, doi:10.1029/2011PA002260. [pdf]
34. Gaylord, B., K.J. Nickols, and L. Jurgens. 2012. Roles of transport and mixing processes in kelp forest ecology. Journal of Experimental Biology 215: 997-1007. [pdf]
33. Gaylord, B., T.M. Hill, E.D. Sanford, E.A. Lenz, L.A. Jacobs, K.N. Sato, A.D. Russell, and A. Hettinger. 2011. Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species. Journal of Experimental Biology 214: 2586-2594. (“Highlights 2011” article for the journal). [pdf]
2000-2010
32. Denny, M.W., and B. Gaylord. 2010. Marine ecomechanics. Annual Review of Marine Science 2: 89-114. [pdf]
31. Gaines, S.D., S. Lester, G. Eckert, B. Kinlan, R. Sagarin, and B. Gaylord. 2009. Dispersal and geographic ranges in the sea. Pages 227-249 in J. Witman and K. Roy (eds), Marine macroecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. [pdf]
30. Stewart, H.L , J.P. Fram, D.C. Reed, S.L. Williams, M.A. Brzezinski, S. MacIntyre, and B. Gaylord. 2009. Differences in growth, morphology and tissue C and N of Macrocystis pyrifera within and at the outer edge of a giant kelp forest in California, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 375: 101-112. [pdf]
29. Gaylord, B., M.W. Denny, and M.A.R. Koehl. 2008. Flow forces on seaweeds: Field evidence for roles of wave impingement and organism inertia. Biological Bulletin 215: 295-308. [pdf]
28. Ferner, M.C., and B. Gaylord. 2008. Flexibility foils filter function: Structural limitations on suspension feeding. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 3563-3572. [pdf]
27. Gaylord, B. 2008. Hydrodynamic context for considering turbulence impacts on external fertilization. Biological Bulletin 214: 315-318. [pdf]
26. Fram, J.P., H.L. Stewart, M.A. Brzezinski, B. Gaylord, D.C. Reed, S.L. Williams, and S. MacIntyre. 2008. Physical pathways and utilization of nitrate supply to the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Limnology and Oceanography 53: 1589-1603. [pdf]
25. Gaylord, B., J. Rosman, D.C. Reed, J.R. Koseff, J. Fram, S. MacIntyre, K. Arkema, C. McDonald, M.A. Brzezinski, J.L. Largier, S.G. Monismith, P.T. Raimondi, and B. Mardian. 2007. Spatial patterns of flow and their modification within and around a giant kelp forest. Limnology and Oceanography 52: 1838-1852. [pdf]
24. Gaylord, B. 2007. Hydrodynamic forces. Pages 277-283 in M.W. Denny and S.D. Gaines (eds), Encyclopedia of tidepools and rocky shores. University of California Press, Berkeley. [pdf]
23. Miller, L.P., and B. Gaylord. 2007. Barriers to flow: The effects of experimental cage structures on water velocities in high-energy subtidal and intertidal environments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 344: 215-228. [pdf]
22. Gaines, S.D., B. Gaylord, L.R. Gerber, A. Hastings, and B. Kinlan. 2007. Connecting places: The ecological consequences of dispersal in the sea. Oceanography 20: 90-99. [pdf]
21. Gaylord, B., D.C. Reed, P.T. Raimondi, and L. Washburn. 2006. Macroalgal spore dispersal in coastal environments: Mechanistic insights revealed by theory and experiment. Ecological Monographs 76: 481-502. [pdf]
20. Sagarin, R.D., S.D. Gaines, and B. Gaylord. 2006. Moving beyond assumptions to understand abundance distributions across the ranges of species. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 524-530. [pdf]
19. Reed, D.C., B.P. Kinlan, P.T. Raimondi, L. Washburn, B. Gaylord, and P.T. Drake. 2006. A metapopulation perspective on patch dynamics and connectivity of giant kelp. Pages 353- 386 in J.P. Kritzer and P.F. Sale (eds), Marine Metapopulations. Academic Press, San Diego. [pdf]
18. Gaylord, B., S.D. Gaines, D.A. Siegel, and M.H. Carr. 2005. Marine reserves can exploit life history and population structure to potentially increase fisheries yields. Ecological Applications 15: 2180-2191. [pdf]
17. Gaylord, B., D.C. Reed, L. Washburn, and P.T. Raimondi. 2004. Physical-biological coupling in spore dispersal of kelp forest macroalgae. Journal of Marine Systems 49: 19-39. [pdf]
16. Raimondi, P.T., D.C. Reed, B. Gaylord, and L. Washburn. 2004. Effects of self-fertilization in the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. Ecology 85: 3267-3276. [pdf]
15. Gaylord, B., M.W. Denny, and M.A.R. Koehl. 2003. Modulation of wave forces on kelp canopies by alongshore currents. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 860-871. [pdf]
14. Siegel, D.A., B.P. Kinlan, B. Gaylord, and S.D. Gaines. 2003. Lagrangian descriptions of marine larval dispersion. Marine Ecology Progress Series 260: 83-96. [pdf]
13. Gaines, S.D., B. Gaylord, and J.L. Largier. 2003. Avoiding current oversights in marine reserve design. Ecological Applications 13: S32-S46 (Special Issue on Marine Reserves). [pdf]
12. Gaylord, B., D.C. Reed, P.T. Raimondi, L. Washburn, and S.R. McLean. 2002. A physically based model of macroalgal spore dispersal in the wave and current-dominated nearshore. Ecology 83: 1239-1251. [pdf]
11. Denny, M., and B. Gaylord. 2002. The mechanics of wave-swept algae. Journal of Experimental Biology 205: 1355-1362. [pdf]
10. Wolcott, B.D., and B. Gaylord. 2002. Flow-induced energetic bounds to growth in an intertidal sea anemone. Marine Ecology Progress Series 245: 101-109. [pdf]
9. Gaylord, B., B.B. Hale, and M.W. Denny. 2001. Consequences of transient fluid forces for compliant benthic organisms. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 1347-1360. [pdf]
8. Gaylord, B., and S.D. Gaines. 2000. Temperature or transport? Range limits in marine species mediated solely by flow. American Naturalist 155: 769-789. [pdf]
7. Gaylord, B. 2000. Biological implications of surf-zone flow complexity. Limnology and Oceanography 45: 174-188. [pdf]
1990’s
6. Gaylord, B. 1999. Detailing agents of physical disturbance: Wave-induced velocities and accelerations on a rocky shore. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 239: 85-124. [pdf]
5. Denny, M., B. Gaylord, B. Helmuth, and T. Daniel. 1998. The menace of momentum: Dynamic forces on flexible organisms. Limnology and Oceanography 43: 955-968. (Highlighted in Nature 396: 621-623: Koehl, M.A.R. 1998. Biomechanics - The quirks of jerks). [pdf]
4. Denny, M.W., B.P. Gaylord, and E.A. Cowan. 1997. Flow and flexibility II: The roles of size and shape in determining wave forces on the bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 3165-3183. (Cited in U.S. patent application #20110002739, 1/6/2011). [pdf]
3. Gaylord, B., and M.W. Denny. 1997. Flow and flexibility I: Effects of size, shape, and stiffness in determining wave forces on the stipitate kelps, Pterygophora californica and Eisenia arborea. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 3141-3164. [pdf]
2. Denny, M.W., and B. Gaylord. 1996. Why the urchin lost its spines: Hydrodynamic forces and survivorship in three echinoids. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 717-729. [pdf]
1. Gaylord, B., C.A. Blanchette, and M.W. Denny. 1994. Mechanical consequences of size in wave-swept algae. Ecological Monographs 64: 287-313. [pdf]